Alan Turing – developed the Turing test which consists of a person giving a question an receiving an answer from a human being and a computer. If the questioner can’t determine which answer came from either the human or the computer then we can assume that the machine is intelligent 9
- Examples of artificial intelligence:
- Leonardo Da Vinci’s mechanical night in 1495 (40)
- Elektro and Sparko from 1939 to 1930 (41)
- A smart machine called Watson was created by IBM by 25 computer engineers
- Watson challenged Jeopardy champions–Ken Jennings who was famous for a seventyfour game winning streak on the show, and Brad Rutter–won the million dollar purse 6
- Deep Blue created by IBM competed against Russian world chess champion Garry Kasparov 7. Kasparov won the first game 7 Deep Blue took the second game 7. Games three, four, and five ended in draws and in the final game Deep Blue won 7
- Android Phillip K. Dick created by David Hanson (11) was able to carry on conversations and gave answers and observations like the real author, Phillip K. Dick, might have given when he was alive 11
- For example – a reporter from the TV series Nova asked the Android: “Was it really able to think?” 11. The Android replied, “the best way I can respond to that is to say that every humans, animals, and robots do is programmed to a degree. As technology improves it is anticipated that I will be able to integrate new words that are here online and in real time I may not get everything right, say the wrong thing, and sometimes may not know what to say, but every day I make progress. Pretty remarkable, huh?” 12
- Neural Networks
- a system called Perceptron receives visual data and has the ability to identify the visual data through its artificial nerve cells (34)
- Machine Code of the Brain
- Geoffrey Hinton used a mathematical approach by Ludwig Boltzmann called the Boltzmann machine and taught it to self-learn and use a language known as ‘nettalk’ 35-36
- Deep learning
- For example, as shown in Google brain the system is able to interpret handwritten data. A lot of data. Google Brain then has the ability to guess what the given set of data mean and sort them appropriately as it teaches itself. And, finally begin to classify the data. 36
- In the Workplace
- robots are good for repetitive work, and working around the clock 44
- human workers can design program and repair said robots 45
- robots can’t match human intelligence or replace human decision making 45
- industries that have the fastest growth are health care manufacturing 48
- Singularity
- the term singularity was coined by the science fiction writer Vernor Vinge in 1993 (75)
- Ray Kurzweil , a futurist, based a variant of Moore’s called the Law of Accelerating Returns predicted:
- computer will pass the Turing test in 2029 (75)
- new reality known as singularity will happen in 2045 (75)
- he predicts that the machine will exceed human intelligence 75 as they will be able to:
- Reprogram themselves 75
- download information 75
- and continue improving 75
- Ethics
- Isaac Asimov’s Three Laws of Robotics:
- A robot may not injure a human 84
- A robot must obey human orders unless they harm people 84
- A robot must protect itself unless it breaks rules one and two 84
- Isaac Asimov’s Three Laws of Robotics:
- Comments on artificial intelligence:
- Stephen Hawking (British physicist) – feared “the age of super smart machines can threaten human existence on earth” 6
- Raymond Kurzweil (director of engineering at Google) – predicted that AI will improve life for all humanity and extend human lifespan indefinitely 6
- James Barrat – “…[AI will become] a demon” 79
- Additional readings that seem interesting
- Runaround by Isaac Asimov
- Universal Robots by Rossum
Kaniz X 